Launched in March 2002, GRACE tracks changes in Earth’s gravity field by noting minute changes in gravitational pull from local changes in Earth’s mass. It does this by measuring changes in the distance between its two identical spacecraft to one-hundredth the width of a human hair. These spacecraft are in the same orbit approximately 137 miles apart.
Due to an uneven distribution of mass inside the Earth, the Earth’s gravity field is not uniform – that is, it has “lumps”. By far the largest is a flattening at the poles, called the Earth’s oblateness, but in this model we’ve greatly exaggerated the scale so that many smaller features can be seen. The GRACE Mission will map out the precise location and size of these lumps, enabling greater understanding of the structure of the Earth. Additionally, GRACE will monitor the mass and location of water as it moves around on the surface of the Earth, cycling between the land, oceans, and polar ice caps. Credit: The University of Texas, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam
NASA and DLR signed the original agreement in 1998. The two agencies jointly developed the GRACE mission and have cooperated on its operational phase since its launch. For the twin satellite mission, NASA provided the instruments and selected satellite components, plus data validation and archiving. DLR provided the primary satellite components, launch services and operations.
GRACE maps gravity-field variations from month to month, recording changes caused by the seasons, weather patterns and short-term climate change.
“The extension of this successful mission will deliver more valuable data to help us understand how Earth’s mass and gravity varies over time,” Worner said. “This is an important component necessary to study changes in global sea level, polar ice mass, deep ocean currents, and depletion and recharge of continental aquifers. We appreciate the strong cooperation with our partner NASA.”
GRACE’s monthly maps are up to 100 times more accurate than existing maps, substantially improving the accuracy of techniques used by oceanographers, hydrologists, glaciologists, geologists and climate scientists.
Data from the GRACE mission have been used to measure the amount of water lost in recent years from the aquifers for California’s primary agricultural region in the state’s Central Valley. An international study recently used GRACE data to show that ice losses from Greenland’s ice sheet now are rapidly spreading up its northwest coast.
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